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It is a 9-year compulsory school. The primary school is 4
years old. The high school is 7 years (5 + 2 years). In
2000, 85% of the relevant age group attended primary school.
Tajik is the national language that everyone must learn.
Russian was introduced as a school subject in 2005. Most
minorities are taught their mother tongue. The country has
universities in Dushanbe (founded 1948) and Khodsjent
(1991). See TOPSCHOOLSINTHEUSA for TOEFL, ACT, SAT testing locations and high school codes in Tajikistan.
Within the borders of present-day Tajikistan, the first
millennium BCE developed the first germs for civilizations
in Central Asia and southern Siberia. Along the upper course
of the Amudarja River, the state of Bactriano was formed. At
the same time, the state of Sogdiana was formed in the
valleys around the rivers Zeravsan and Kashkadaria. The
inhabitants built villages with houses of clay and stone
along the rivers, from which they fetched water for the
irrigation of their crops consisting of wheat, barley and
millet, and a variety of fruits. The sailing of the rivers
was well developed, and the towns on the caravan roads
linking Persia, China and India were important trading
centers.
In the 6th century BCE, these areas were annexed by the
Persian Ahemenide Empire. In the 4th century BC, Alexander
conquered the Great Kingdoms of Bactria and Sogdiana. When
his empire collapsed in the 3rd century, the state of
Bactriano and the kingdom of Kushán re-emerged. They
subsequently fell as the steppe people yuechzhi and the
tojar crowd emerged. In the 4th and 5th centuries AD,
Sogdiana and its border areas were invaded by the
Ephthalites and in the 6th and 7th centuries by Turkish
people from Central Asia. In the 7th century, Tajikistan and
other areas of Central Asia became subject to the Arab
khalifat. When this collapsed, the territories were
integrated into the kingdoms of the Tahirids and Samanids.
In the 9-10. century, the Tajik people developed their own
ethnic identity.
In it 10-13. century Tajikistan was part of the
Gaznevida, Karahanida and Shas Coresma empires. At the
beginning of the 13th century, Tajikistan was subject to the
influence of the Tatar Mongol Genghis Khan. In 1238, Tajik
craftsman Tarabí led a popular revolt against this
dominance. In it 14-17. century, the area was subject to the
Timurids and the Uzbek Sheibanid dynasty. In the 17-19.
century, the area was divided into many small principals
whose chiefs periodically subjugated or rebelled against the
Khans of Bukhara.
In the 1860s and 70s, the Russian empire conquered
Central Asia and northern Tajikistan was placed under
Russia. The Tajik population of Kuliab, Guissar, Karateguín
and Darvaz was subject to the khanate of Bukhara, a Russian
vassal. They came to form a province within the Khanate:
eastern Bukhara. The repression on the part of Russian
officials and feudal lords triggered a wide range of peasant
revolts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most
important of these took place in 1885 and was stated by
Vosé.
During World War I, the native population of Central Asia
and Kazakhstan rebelled in 1916 in protest of the
mobilization to work for the Russian army. Following the
Russian Revolution in 1917, Soviet power was established in
northern Tajikistan. In April 1918, this area was
incorporated into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
of Turkestan. Still, a significant portion of the Tajiks
remained under the emirate Bukhara, which existed until
1921. In early 1921, the Red Army occupied Dusanbe, but in
February it was forced to retire from eastern Bukhara.
When Alim Khan's resistance was finally broken in 1922,
the Soviet power was proclaimed throughout Tajikistan. In
1924, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan was
formed, in which Tajikistan was incorporated. In January
1925, the Gorno-Badajshán Autonomous Region was established
on Pamir's Plain. On November 16, 1929, Tajikistan was
incorporated as a Federative Republic in the Soviet Union.
Throughout the 1920s and 30s, agricultural reforms and water
use were implemented. The collectivization of agriculture
was followed by industrialization and a campaign called the
"Cultural Revolution".
After World War II, the Soviet power devised a plan for
large-scale civil engineering works in Tajikistan - in
particular, a system of canals and reservoirs integrated
into the neighboring Uzbekistan. The purpose was to increase
agricultural production in the region and in particular to
increase cotton production. In the 1970s and 1980s, the
administration's mistakes and the economic slowdown became
evident in Tajikistan. It was also one of the poorest
republics of the Soviet Union with high unemployment.
Especially among the youth who made up the majority of the
population.
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